And Thats the Way It Was...

A pioneer broadcast journalist who began his distinguished career as a wire service reporter, Cronkite was a longtime champion of journalism values who was often referred to as the most trusted man in America.

By the mid-1950s more than half the nation's living rooms have a TV set, which serves as a kind of national mirror.  It reflects a populace that is white, Christian, and middle-class.  It has no accent.  It defines normal. It defines America.

When Walter Cronkite ends his CBS newscast with his rock-solid assertion, 'And that's the way it is,' it's a sweet finish to his nightly suppertime slice of reality.  Facts, unseasoned and served deadpan. (Gladstone, pg. 103)

Watch the interview and then answer these questions:

1) What event that Walter Cronkite reported do you think was the most significant? Why?

2) After listening to 'Uncle Walt' why do you think America found him so trustworthy?

3) How has reporting changed since the 'Golden Age of Objectivity?'

4) Do you think there will ever be a reporter as trusted as Walter Cronkite? If so who? If not why?

5) Cronkite's famous tagline: 'and that's the way it is' was legendary. If you were a national news anchor what would your tagline be? Explain.

The Golden Age of Objectivity

 If the highest law of journalism is 'to the tell the Truth  and shame the devil'  then the  Golden Age of Objectivity was the 1950s.  The 1951 government film 'Duck and Cover' advised on what to do if the see the flash of a nuclear bomb.  Fear of Communism and the threat of atomic war moved us into the 'donut hole' of consensus.

Historian Daniel Hallin uses donuts as a metaphor for the news. (Hallin, 2010) The donut hole is the ‘sphere of consensus;’ unquestionable values and unchallengeable truths. The donut itself is ‘legitimate controversy.’ This is the literal ‘sweet spot’ where undecided issues can be debated and discussed. Outside the donut is the ‘sphere of deviance’ reserved for opinions outside the mainstream of society.

Objectivity pt. 1

Objectivity emerged as a selling point in American Journalism when the price of a newspaper dropped to a penny.  In 1833 The New York Sun slashed the price of their paper to multiply readership and increase advertising.  Profits soared.

Yet all around their was a grinding, dehumanizing poverty reflected in the eyes of these 'newsies' selling papers on city streets.  Before WWI people viewed the world as being cruel but rich with opportunity.  Horatio Alger novels told stories of how the humblest orphans could ascend into the middle class through hard work.

This view changed following the war.  As damaged soldiers returned home with stories and the hideous and meaningless death of millions of young men a deep cynicism sets in and 'Dadaism' is born.  Its basic philosophy:  everything is meaningless.

WAR! Ernie Pyle & GI Joe

Many journalists were 'embedded' with the troops in WWII.  The legendary Ernie Pyle from western Indiana wrote columns on their grinding ordeal and uncomplicated courage.  Armed only with a typewriter, Pyle personalized war reporting, creating a bridge between the everyday soldier, whom he dubbed GI Joe, and the American populace.

As a roving correspondent for the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain, he earned wide acclaim for his accounts of ordinary people in rural America, and later, of ordinary American soldiers during World War II. His syndicated column ran in more than 300 newspapers nationwide.

At the time of his death he was among the best-known American war correspondents. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for his spare, poignant accounts of "dogface" infantry soldiers from a first-person perspective. "No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told", wrote Harry Truman. "He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen."

Who are the reporters who have followed in Ernie Pyle's footsteps?  What have they risked?

Is it worth it?

Listen to Jon Voigt read Ernie Pyle

How did John Hersey differ from Ernie Pyle?

Why is the book Hiroshima still so important today?

Why was it so controversial then?

Read the book for yourself...

The Charge of the Light Brigade

 

Half a league, half a league,

Half a league onward,

All in the valley of Death

   Rode the six hundred.

“Forward, the Light Brigade!

Charge for the guns!” he said.

Into the valley of Death

   Rode the six hundred.

-BY ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON 

In 1854, London Times reporter William Howard Russel reports on the charge of the British Light Cavalry Brigade in Crimea. He writes of soldiers ill-fed, ill-led, and left on the field to die. Prince Albert is furious. Russell's reporting turns the public against the government, prompting history's first order of military censorship. Henceforth any reporter who reports information that could be useful to the enemy will be expelled. Russell is hailed as the 'father of war reporting.'

I'd Like to Thank the Academy...

Roll out the red carpet!  Last night was a big night for Hollywood.  The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements.

After watching these memorable Oscar Speeches , imagine you have just won an Oscar! What will you say? Who will you thank? Will you laugh? Cry? Will you have an inspirational or political message? Write and record your speech using your phone or think pad and share the link on Google Classroom.

How To Write an Acceptance Speech

Have the Oscars/ Hollywood become too political?

The Great Refusal

Few reporters proclaim their convictions.  Fewer still act on them to serve what they believe to be the greater good.  In times of profound moral crisis, most reporters make the 'Great Refusal.'  The best lack all conviction while the worst are full of passionate intensity.

In his poem 'Inferno'  Dante tours the underworld and sees a swarm of anguished souls barred from heaven and hell doomed to limbo.  They are the neutrals, whose lives meant nothing because they refused to commit themselves.  They have all made what Dante calls the 'Great Refusal.'

Read the summary and then answer these Dantes's Inferno Questions.

Take the Inferno Test to see which level of Hell you would be banished to.  Do you agree?  Share your comments in our Google Class comments.